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The deforestation a country imports through its consumption of forest-risk commodities: soy, palm oil, cocoa, coffee and rubber. Hectares of forest cleared abroad to satisfy each importer's demand, attributed bilaterally by the DeDuCE model (Singh & Persson, 2024) on FAOSTAT physical trade. Using national-average sourcing intensities, the figures measure deforestation-risk exposure, not traced supply chains.
Source: DeDuCE: Singh, Persson, Croft, Kastner & West (2024), Commodity-driven deforestation, associated carbon emissions and trade 2001-2022, V2.0, Zenodo (retrieved 2026-05-28) | BACI 202501 (CEPII), HS92, 1995-2024 (retrieved 2026-04-28) | World Bank WDI, Population total (SP.POP.TOTL)
Methodology: Embodied deforestation is from the DeDuCE model (Singh & Persson, 2024). Bilateral producer-to-consumer attribution uses the DeDuCE physical trade model (Kastner et al., 2011), built on FAOSTAT physical trade flows; deforestation area is in hectares amortized over 5 years and carbon in MtCO2 incl. peat drainage. LICENSE: the Zenodo record lists CC BY 4.0 but the workbook ReadMe states CC BY-NC-SA 4.0; used here under the more restrictive non-commercial terms with attribution. Coverage: the bilateral footprint covers FIVE commodities (soy, palm oil, cocoa, coffee, rubber) for 192 importers and 2005-2022; beef and timber appear in national attribution only because the DeDuCE physical model excludes cattle meat and wood products (no FAOSTAT bilateral trade). The commodity-to-HS6 crosswalk maps these to 47 BACI HS92 codes (33 primary plus 14 processed derivatives) for the intensity denominator only; it cannot separate deforestation-linked from deforestation-free sourcing, so ha per 1,000 USD is an upper-bound proxy. Footprints reflect national-average sourcing intensities, that is deforestation-RISK exposure, not traced supply chains; they exclude indirect flows (e.g. soy embodied in meat, palm in biodiesel). The EUDR exposure index is the share of each importer footprint sourced from the top producers that cumulatively account for 75% of global embodied deforestation; it is a transparent proxy, not the official EU country risk benchmark.